Igikorwa cy'ibinyabutabire mu byuma

1. Karuboni (C). Karuboni ni ikintu cy'ingenzi cyane kigira ingaruka ku ihinduka rya pulasitiki ikonje mu byuma. Uko ingano ya karuboni irushaho kuba nyinshi, ni ko icyuma kirushaho gukomera, kandi imiterere ikonje igabanuka. Byagaragaye ko kuri buri kwiyongera kwa 0.1% kw'ingano ya karuboni, imbaraga z'umusaruro ziyongera hafi 27.4Mpa; imbaraga zo gukurura ziyongera hafi 58.8Mpa; kandi uburebure bugabanuka hafi 4.3%. Bityo rero ingano ya karuboni mu byuma igira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere ya pulasitiki ikonje mu byuma.

2. Manganese (Mn). Manganese ihura na okiside y'icyuma mu gushonga kw'icyuma, ahanini kugira ngo ikureho ogiside mu cyuma. Manganese ihura na sulfide y'icyuma mu cyuma, bishobora kugabanya ingaruka mbi za sulfur ku cyuma. Sulfide ya manganese yakozwe ishobora kunoza imikorere y'icyuma. Manganese ishobora kongera imbaraga zo gukurura no gutanga imbaraga z'icyuma, ikagabanya ubukonje, ibyo bikaba bibangamira ihinduka rya plastiki ikonje ry'icyuma. Ariko, manganese igira ingaruka mbi ku mbaraga zo guhindagurika Ingaruka ni hafi 1/4 cya karuboni. Kubwibyo, uretse ibisabwa byihariye, ingano ya manganese mu cyuma cya karuboni ntigomba kurenza 0.9%.

3. Silikoni (Si). Silikoni ni ibisigazwa bya deoxidizer mu gihe cyo gushonga icyuma. Iyo silicon iri mu cyuma cyiyongereyeho 0.1%, imbaraga zo gukurura ziyongeraho zigera kuri 13.7Mpa. Iyo silicon iri hejuru ya 0.17% kandi carbon iri hejuru, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kugabanuka kwa plasticity ikonje y'icyuma. Kongera neza silicon iri mu cyuma ni ingirakamaro ku miterere yose ya mekanike y'icyuma, cyane cyane umupaka wa elastic, bishobora no kongera ubudahangarwa bw'icyuma. Ariko, iyo silicon iri hejuru ya 0.15%, ibintu bitari ibyuma bishyirwaho vuba. Nubwo icyuma kinini cya silicon cyaba cyarafashwe, nticyoroha kandi ntikigabanya imiterere ya pulasitiki ikonje y'icyuma. Kubwibyo, uretse ibisabwa kugira imbaraga nyinshi z'umusaruro, silicon igomba kugabanuka uko bishoboka kose.

4. Sulfure (S). Sulfure ni umwanda mubi. Sulfure iri mu cyuma itandukanya uduce tw'icyuma duto duto kandi igatera imiyoboro. Kuba hari sulfure binatera ubushyuhe n'ingese mu cyuma. Kubwibyo, ingano ya sulfure igomba kuba munsi ya 0.055%. Icyuma cyiza kigomba kuba munsi ya 0.04%.

5. Fosifore (P). Fosifore ifite imbaraga zikomeye zo gukomera no gutandukanya icyuma cyane, ibyo byongera ubukonje bw'icyuma kandi bigatuma icyuma kibasha kwangirika. Fosifore iri mu cyuma izangiza ubushobozi bwo guhindura imiterere ya plastiki ikonje kandi igatera gucika kw'ibicuruzwa mu gihe cyo gukurura. Ingano ya fosifore iri mu cyuma igomba kugenzurwa iri munsi ya 0.045%.

6. Ibindi bintu by’ubutare. Ibindi bintu by’ubutare biri mu byuma bya karuboni, nka Chromium, Molybdenum na Nickel, bibaho nk’imyanda, bigira ingaruka nke cyane ku byuma nka karuboni, kandi ingano yabyo nayo ni nto cyane.