• Imeri: richard@czlxg.com
  • Whatsapp: 8615822968134
    • English

    API 5L 46th Edition Ibisobanuro byumurongo wumurongo

    API 5L 46th Edition Ibisobanuro byumurongo wumurongo Umuyoboro wihariye
    • API 5L 46th Edition Ibisobanuro byumurongo wumurongo

    Ibisobanuro bigufi:

    Yagaragaje uruganda rwibicuruzwa bibiri (PSL1 na PSL2) byumuyoboro wicyuma udafite kashe kandi usudira kugirango ukoreshe umuyoboro mugutwara peteroli na gaze gasanzwe.Kubikoresha ibikoresho muri porogaramu ya Sour reba Umugereka H naho kubisaba serivisi yo hanze reba Umugereka J wa API5L 45th.


    Ibicuruzwa birambuye

    Ibicuruzwa

    Imiterere yo Gutanga

    PSL Imiterere yo Gutanga Icyiciro cy'umuyoboro
    PSL1 Nkizunguruka, zisanzwe, zisanzwe zakozwe

    A
    Nkizunguruka, zisanzwe zizunguruka, thermomechanical yazunguye, thermo-mashini yashizweho, isanzwe ikora, isanzwe, isanzwe kandi irangwa nubushyuhe cyangwa niba byumvikanyweho Q&T SMLS gusa

    B
    Nka-kuzunguruka, bisanzwe bizunguruka, thermomechanical yazunguye, thermo-mashini yakozwe, isanzwe ikora, isanzwe, isanzwe kandi irangwa X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70
    PSL 2 Nka

    BR, X42R
    Guhindura ibizunguruka, bisanzwe byakozwe, bisanzwe cyangwa bisanzwe kandi bituje BN, X42N, X46N, X52N, X56N, X60N
    Kuzimya no kurakara BQ, X42Q, X46Q, X56Q, X60Q, X65Q, X70Q, X80Q, X90Q, X100Q
    Thermomechanical yazindutse cyangwa thermomechanical yakozwe BM, X42M, X46M, X56M, X60M, X65M, X70M, X80M
    Ubushyuhe bwa tekinike X90M, X100M, X120M
    Birahagije (R, N, Q cyangwa M) kumanota ya PSL2, nibyiciro byicyuma

    Gutegeka Amakuru

    Icyemezo cyubuguzi kigomba kuba gikubiyemo ingano, urwego rwa PSL, ubwoko cyangwa Grade, byerekeranye na API5L, diameter yo hanze, uburebure bwurukuta, uburebure hamwe numugereka wose ushobora gukoreshwa cyangwa ibisabwa byongeweho bijyanye nibigize imiti, imiterere yubukanishi, kuvura ubushyuhe, ibizamini byiyongera, inzira yo gukora, gutwikira hejuru cyangwa kurangiza.

    Inzira isanzwe yo gukora

    Ubwoko bw'umuyoboro

    PSL 1

    PSL 2
    Icyiciro A. Icyiciro B. X42 kugeza X70 B kugeza X80 X80 kugeza X100
    SMLS

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    LFW

    ü

    ü

    ü
    HFW

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    LW

    ü
    SAWL

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    SAWH

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    SMLS - Nta kashe, idafite gusudira

    LFW - Umuyoboro muke wasuditswe, <70 kHz

    HFW - Umuyoboro mwinshi wo gusudira,> 70 kHz

    SAWL - Submerge-arc gusudira birebire

    SAWH - Submerge-arc gusudira helical weld

    Gutangira Ibikoresho

    Ingots, indabyo, bilet, ibishishwa cyangwa amasahani akoreshwa mugukora imiyoboro igomba gukorwa nuburyo bukurikira, ogisijeni shingiro, itanura ryamashanyarazi cyangwa itanura rifunguye hamwe nuburyo bwo gutunganya imitambiko.Kuri PSL2, ibyuma bigomba kwicwa no gushonga ukurikije imyitozo myiza yintete.Igiceri cyangwa isahani ikoreshwa kumuyoboro wa PSL2 ntishobora kuba irimo gusudira.

    Ibigize imiti ya PSL 1 umuyoboro ufite t ≤ 0,984 ″

    Icyiciro

    Igice kinini,% gishingiye kubushyuhe nibicuruzwa bisesengura a, g

    C

    max b

    Mn

    max b

    P

    max

    S

    max

    V

    max

    Nb

    max

    Ti

    max

    Umuyoboro utagira ikizinga

    A

    0.22

    0.90

    0.30

    0.30

    -

    -

    -

    B

    0.28

    1.20

    0.30

    0.30

    c, d

    c, d

    d

    X42

    0.28

    1.30

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X46

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X52

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X56

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X60

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X65

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X70

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    Umuyoboro

    A

    0.22

    0.90

    0.30

    0.30

    -

    -

    -

    B

    0.26

    1.2

    0.30

    0.30

    c, d

    c, d

    d

    X42

    0.26

    1.3

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X46

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X52

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X56

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X60

    0.26 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X65

    0.26 e

    1.45 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X70

    0.26e

    1.65 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f
    1. Cu ≤ = 0,50% Ni;≤ 0,50%;Cr ≤ 0,50%;na Mo ≤ 0.15%
    2. Kuri buri kugabanuka kwa 0.01% munsi ya max yagenwe.kwibanda kuri karubone, no kwiyongera 0,05% hejuru ya max yagenwe.kwibanda kuri Mn biremewe, kugeza kuri max.ya 1,65% kumanota ≥ B, ariko ≤ = X52;kugeza kuri max.ya 1.75% kumanota> X52, ariko
    3. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi NB + V ≤ 0.06%
    4. Nb + V + TI ≤ 0.15%
    5. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi.
    6. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi, NB + V = Ti ≤ 0.15%
    7. Nta kongeramo nkana B byemewe kandi ibisigaye B ≤ 0.001%

    Ibigize imiti ya PSL 2 hamwe na t ≤ 0,984 ″

    Icyiciro

    Igice kinini,% gishingiye ku bushyuhe no gusesengura ibicuruzwa

    Carbone Equiv a

    C

    max b

    Si

    max

    Mn

    max b

    P

    max

    S

    max

    V

    max

    Nb

    max

    Ti

    max

    Ibindi

    CE IIW

    max

    CE Pcm

    max

    Umuyoboro udafite ikizinga

    BR

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    c

    c

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X42R

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.06

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    BN

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    c

    c

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X42N

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.06

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X46N

    0.24

    0.40

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.07

    0.05

    0.04

    d, e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X52N

    0.24

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10

    0.05

    0.04

    d, e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X56N

    0.24

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10f

    0.05

    0.04

    d, e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X60N

    0.24f

    0.45f

    1.40f

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10f

    0.05f

    0.04f

    g, h, l

    Nkuko byumvikanyweho

    BQ

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X42Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X46Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X52Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.50

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X56Q

    0.18

    0.45f

    1.50

    0.025

    0.015

    0.07

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X60Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X65Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X70Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.80f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X80Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.90f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    i, j

    Nkuko byumvikanyweho

    X90Q

    0.16f

    0.45f

    1.90

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    j, k

    Nkuko byumvikanyweho

    X100Q

    0.16f

    0.45f

    1.90

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    j, k

    Nkuko byumvikanyweho

    Umuyoboro

    BM

    0.22

    0.45

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X42M

    0.22

    0.45

    1.30

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X46M

    0.22

    0.45

    1.30

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X52M

    0.22

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    d

    d

    d

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X56M

    0.22

    0.45f

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    d

    d

    d

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X60M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.60f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X65M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.60f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X70M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X80M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.85f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    i, j

    .043f

    0.25

    X90M

    0.10

    0.55f

    2.10f

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    i, j

    -

    0.25

    X100M

    0.10

    0.55f

    2.10f

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    i, j

    -

    0.25
    1. SMLS t> 0,787 ”, imipaka ya CE igomba kuba nkuko byemeranijwe.Imipaka ya CEIIW ikoreshwa fi C> 0,12% naho imipaka ya CEPcm ikurikizwa niba C ≤ 0,12%
    2. Kuri buri kugabanuka kwa 0.01% munsi ya max yagenwe.kwibanda kuri karubone, no kwiyongera 0,05% hejuru ya max yagenwe.kwibanda kuri Mn biremewe, kugeza kuri max.ya 1,65% kumanota ≥ B, ariko ≤ = X52;kugeza kuri max.ya 1.75% kumanota> X52, ariko
    3. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi Nb = V ≤ 0.06%
    4. Nb = V = Ti ≤ 0.15%
    5. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi, Cu ≤ 0,50%;Ni ≤ 0,30% Cr ≤ 0,30% na Mo ≤ 0.15%
    6. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi
    7. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi, Nb + V + Ti ≤ 0.15%
    8. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi, Cu ≤ 0,50% Ni ≤ 0,50% Cr ≤ 0,50% na MO ≤ 0,50%
    9. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi, Cu ≤ 0,50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0,50% na MO ≤ 0,50%
    10. B ≤ 0.004%
    11. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi, Cu ≤ 0,50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0.55% na MO ≤ 0,80%
    12. Kubyiciro byose bya PSL 2 usibye ayo manota hamwe nibisobanuro j ibisobanuro, ibikurikira birakurikizwa.Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi nta byongeweho nkana B byemewe kandi bisigaye B ≤ 0.001%.

    Tensile n'Umusaruro - PSL1 na PSL2

    Umuyoboro

    Ibyiza bya Tensile - Umuyoboro wumubiri wa SMLS nu miyoboro isudira PSL 1

    Ikirangantego cyo gusudira

    Imbaraga Zitanga a

    Rt0,5PSI Min

    Imbaraga zingutu a

    Rm PSI Min

    Kurambura

    (muri 2in Af% min)

    Imbaraga zingana b

    Rm PSI Min

    A

    30.500

    48,600

    c

    48,600

    B

    35.500

    60,200

    c

    60,200

    X42

    42.100

    60,200

    c

    60,200

    X46

    46.400

    63.100

    c

    63.100

    X52

    52,200

    66.700

    c

    66.700

    X56

    56,600

    71.100

    c

    71.100

    X60

    60,200

    75.400

    c

    75.400

    X65

    65.300

    77.500

    c

    77.500

    X70

    70.300

    82.700

    c

    82.700
    a.Ku cyiciro cyo hagati, itandukaniro riri hagati yimbaraga ntarengwa zagaragajwe n’umusaruro ntarengwa wagenwe ku miyoboro ya pipe igomba gutangwa nkuko byateganijwe mu cyiciro gikurikira.

    b.Ku manota aringaniye, imbaraga ntarengwa zagabanijwe kumurongo weld igomba kuba imwe nkuko byagenwe kumubiri ukoresheje inoti a.

    c.Kugaragara ntarengwa kurambuye, A.f, byagaragajwe ku ijana kandi bizengurutse hafi ku ijana, bizagenwa hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo gikurikira:

    Aho C ni 1 940 yo kubara ukoresheje Si ibice na 625 000 kubara ukoresheje USC

    Axcni i Ikizamini cyikigereranyo cyambukiranya igice, cyerekanwe muri milimetero kare (santimetero kare), nkibi bikurikira

    - Kubice bizenguruka ibice byipimishije, 130mm2 (0,20 muri2) kuri mm 12,7 (0.500 muri) na 8,9 mm (.350 in) ibice by'ibizamini bya diameter;na mm 652(0.10 muri2) kuri 6.4 mm (0.250in) ibipimo by'ibizamini.

    - Kubice byose byikizamini, munsi ya a) 485 mm2(0,75 muri2.2(0.10in2)

    - Kubice bipimisha ibice, munsi ya a) mm 4852(0,75 muri2.2(0.10in2)

    U ni imbaraga ntarengwa zerekana imbaraga, zigaragarira muri megapascal (pound kuri kare kare)

    Umuyoboro

    Ibyiza bya Tensile - Umuyoboro wumubiri wa SMLS hamwe nu miyoboro isudira PSL 2

    Ikirangantego cyo gusudira

    Imbaraga Zitanga a

    Rt0,5PSI Min

    Imbaraga zingutu a

    Rm PSI Min

    Ikigereranyo a, c

    R10,5IRm

    Kurambura

    (muri 2in)

    Af%

    Imbaraga zidasanzwe d

    Rm(psi)

    Ntarengwa

    Ntarengwa

    Ntarengwa

    Ntarengwa

    Ntarengwa

    Ntarengwa

    Ntarengwa
    BR, BN, BQ, BM

    35.500

    65.300

    60,200

    95.000

    0.93

    f

    60,200
    X42, X42R, X2Q, X42M

    42.100

    71.800

    60,200

    95.000

    0.93

    f

    60,200
    X46N, X46Q, X46M

    46.400

    76.100

    63.100

    95.000

    0.93

    f

    63.100
    X52N, X52Q, X52M

    52,200

    76.900

    66.700

    110.200

    0.93

    f

    66.700
    X56N, X56Q, X56M

    56,600

    79.000

    71.100

    110.200

    0.93

    f

    71.100
    X60N, X60Q, S60M

    60,200

    81.900

    75.400

    110.200

    0.93

    f

    75.400
    X65Q, X65M

    65.300

    87.000

    77,600

    110.200

    0.93

    f

    76,600
    X70Q, X65M

    70.300

    92.100

    82.700

    110.200

    0.93

    f

    82.700
    X80Q, X80M

    80, .500

    102,300

    90,600

    119.700

    0.93

    f

    90,600
    a.Ku cyiciro cyo hagati, reba ibisobanuro byuzuye bya API5L.

    b.kumanota> X90 reba ibisobanuro byuzuye bya API5L.

    c.Iyi mipaka ikoreshwa kuri pies hamwe na D> 12.750 muri

    d.Ku manota aringaniye, imbaraga ntarengwa zagaragajwe zingana na weld zigomba kuba zifite agaciro kamwe nkuko byagenwe kumubiri wa pipe ukoresheje ikirenge a.

    e.kumuyoboro usaba kwipimisha igihe kirekire, imbaraga ntarengwa zitanga umusaruro ni 71.800 psi

    f.Kugaragara ntarengwa kurambuye, A.f, byagaragajwe ku ijana kandi bizengurutse hafi ku ijana, bizagenwa hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo gikurikira:

    Aho C ni 1 940 yo kubara ukoresheje Si ibice na 625 000 kubara ukoresheje USC

    Axcni i Ikizamini cyikigereranyo cyambukiranya igice, cyerekanwe muri milimetero kare (santimetero kare), nkibi bikurikira

    - Kubice bizenguruka ibice byipimishije, 130mm2 (0,20 muri2) kuri mm 12,7 (0.500 muri) na 8,9 mm (.350 in) ibice by'ibizamini bya diameter;na mm 652(0.10 muri2) kuri 6.4 mm (0.250in) ibipimo by'ibizamini.

    - Kubice byose byikizamini, munsi ya a) 485 mm2(0,75 muri2.2(0.10in2)

    - Kubice bipimisha ibice, munsi ya a) mm 4852(0,75 muri2.2(0.10in2)

    U ni imbaraga ntarengwa zerekana imbaraga, zigaragarira muri megapascal (pound kuri santimetero kare

    g.Indangagaciro zo hasi R.10,5IRm birashobora gutomorwa ku bwumvikane

    h.kumanota> x90 reba ibisobanuro byuzuye bya API5L.

    Ikizamini cya Hydrostatike

    Umuyoboro kugirango uhangane n'ikizamini cya hydrostatike nta gutemba ukoresheje icyuma gisudira cyangwa umubiri wa pipe.Ihuriro ntirigomba gupimwa hydrostatike itanga ibice byakoreshejwe byageragejwe neza.

    Ikizamini

    Nta gucikamo kugaragara mugice icyo aricyo cyose cyikizamini kandi ntabwo gufungura gusudira bizabaho.

    Ikizamini cya Flattening

    Ibipimo byo kwemererwa gukora ikizamini gishobora kuba
    a) Imiyoboro ya EW D <12.750 muri
    -≥ X60 hamwe na T≥0.500in, ntihazabaho gufungura gusudira mbere yuko intera iri hagati yisahani iri munsi ya 66% yumwimerere wo hanze ya diameter.Ku byiciro byose no kurukuta, 50%.
    -Ku muyoboro ufite D / t> 10, ntihazaba hafunguwe gusudira mbere yuko intera iri hagati yisahani iri munsi ya 30% yumwimerere wa diameter.
    b) Kubindi bipimo reba ibisobanuro byuzuye bya API5L

    Ikizamini cya CVN kuri PSL2

    Ingano nini ya PSL2 nini hamwe n amanota bisaba CVN.Umuyoboro utagira ikizinga ugomba gupimwa mumubiri.Umuyoboro wo gusudira ugomba gupimwa mu mubiri, Umuyoboro Weld hamwe na zone yibasiwe n'ubushyuhe (HAZ).Reba kuri API5L yuzuye yerekana imbonerahamwe yubunini n'amanota kandi bisabwa imbaraga zingirakamaro.

    Ubworoherane Hanze ya Diameter, Buzengurutse n'ubugari bwurukuta

    Kugaragara Hanze ya Diameter D (in)

    Ubworoherane bwa Diameter, santimetero d

    Kwihanganirana-Kwuzuzanya muri

    Umuyoboro usibye iherezo a

    Umuyoboro urangira a, b, c

    Umuyoboro usibye iherezo a

    Umuyoboro Kurangiza a, b, c

    Umuyoboro muto

    Umuyoboro

    Umuyoboro muto

    Umuyoboro

    <2.375

    -0.031 kugeza + 0.016

    - 0.031 kugeza + 0.016

    0.048

    0.036

    ≥2.375 kugeza 6.625

    +/- 0.0075D

    		 - 0.016 kugeza + 0.063

    0.020D kuri

    Kubwumvikane kuri

    0.015D kuri

    Kubwumvikane kuri

    > 6.625 kugeza 24.000

    +/- 0.0075D

    +/- 0.0075D, ariko max ya 0.125

    +/- 0.005D, ariko max ya 0.063

    0.020D

    0.015D

    > 24 kugeza 56

    +/- 0.01D

    +/- 0.005D ariko max ya 0.160

    +/- 0.079

    +/- 0.063

    0.015D kuri ariko max ya 0.060

    Kuri

    Ku bwumvikane

    Kuri

    0.01D kuri ariko max ya 0.500

    Kuri

    Ku bwumvikane

    Kuri
    > 56 Nkuko byumvikanyweho
    1. Umuyoboro wanyuma urimo uburebure bwa 4 mukurya buri gice cyumuyoboro
    2. Kuri umuyoboro wa SMLS kwihanganira gusaba t≤0.984in kandi kwihanganira umuyoboro mwinshi bizaba nkuko byumvikanyweho
    3. Ku muyoboro wagutse hamwe na D≥8.625in no ku muyoboro utaguwe, kwihanganira diameter no kwihanganira ibitagenda neza bishobora kugenwa ukoresheje diameter yabazwe imbere cyangwa ikapimirwa imbere ya diameter aho kuba OD yerekanwe.
    4. Kugirango hamenyekane kubahiriza kwihanganira diameter, diameter ya pipe isobanurwa nkumuzenguruko w'umuyoboro mu ndege izenguruka igabanijwe na Pi.

    Ubunini bw'urukuta

    santimetero

    Ubworoherane a

    santimetero

    Umuyoboro wa SMLS b

    ≤ 0.157

    + 0.024 / - 0.020

    > 0.157 kugeza kuri <0.948

    + 0.150t / - 0.125t

    ≥ 0.984

    + 0.146 cyangwa + 0.1t, niyihe nini kuruta

    - 0.120 cyangwa - 0.1t, niyihe nini kuruta

    Umuyoboro usudira c, d

    ≤ 0.197

    +/- 0.020
    > 0.197 kugeza kuri <0.591

    +/- 0.1t

    ≥ 0.591

    +/- 0.060
    1. Niba gahunda yo kugura igaragaza kwihanganira gukuramo uburebure bwurukuta ruto ugereranije nagaciro katanzwe muri iyi mbonerahamwe, kongeraho kwihanganira uburebure bwurukuta bizongerwaho amafaranga ahagije kugirango akomeze kwihanganira.
    2. Ku muyoboro ufite D≥ 14.000 muri na t0,984in, kwihanganira uburebure bwurukuta rwaho birashobora kurenga kwihanganira ubukana bwurukuta rwiyongereyeho 0.05t mugihe hiyongereyeho kwihanganira misa bitarenze.
    3. Kwiyongera kwihanganira urukuta ntirukoreshwa ahantu hasudutse
    4. Reba ibisobanuro byuzuye bya API5L kugirango ubone ibisobanuro birambuye
  • Mbere:
  • Ibikurikira:
    • Andika ubutumwa bwawe hano hanyuma utwohereze

    Ibyiciro byibicuruzwa